The primary purpose of the gastrointestinal tract is to digest and
absorb food. In order to fulfill this purpose, food must be ground,
mixed, and transported through the intestines, where it is digested and
absorbed. In addition, undigested and unabsorbed portions of the food
must be eliminated from the body.
In functional diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such as Irritable
Bowel Syndrome Symptoms, the grinding, mixing, digestion, and
absorption functions are disturbed to only a minor degree. These
functions are essentially maintained, perhaps because of a built-in
over-capacity of the gastrointestinal tract to perform these functions.
The most commonly affected function in these diseases is
transportation. In the stomach and small intestine, the symptoms of
slowed transportation are nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating, and
abdominal enlargement. The symptom of rapid transportation usually is
diarrhea. The interpretation of symptoms, however, may be more
complicated than this. For example, let's say that a person has
abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach. The sensing of this rapid
emptying by the intestinal sensory nerves normally brings about a motor
nerve response to slow emptying of the stomach and transportation
through the small intestine. Thus, rapid emptying of the stomach may
give rise to symptoms of slowed transportation.
In the colon, abnormally slowed or rapid transportation results in
constipation or diarrhea, respectively. In addition, there may be
increased amounts of mucus coating the stool or a sense of incomplete
evacuation after a bowel movement.
As discussed previously, normal sensations may be abnormally processed
and perceived. Such an abnormality could result in abdominal bloating
and pain. Abnormally processed sensations from the gastrointestinal
organs also might lead to motor responses that cause symptoms of slowed
or rapid transportation.
Slowed transportation of digesting food through the small intestine may
be complicated, for example, by bacterial overgrowth. In bacterial
overgrowth, gas-producing bacteria that are normally restricted to the
colon move up into the small intestine. There, they are exposed to
greater amounts of undigested food than in the colon, which they turn
into gas. This formation of gas can aggravate bloating and/or abdominal
distention and result in increased amounts of flatus (passing gas, or
flatulence) and diarrhea.
The gastrointestinal tract has only a few ways of responding to
diseases. Therefore, the symptoms often are similar regardless of
whether the diseases are functional or non-functional. Thus, the
symptoms of both functional and non-functional gastrointestinal
diseases are nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal distention,
diarrhea, constipation, and pain. For this reason, when functional
disease is being considered as a cause of symptoms, it is important
that the presence of non-functional diseases be excluded. In fact, the
exclusion of non-functional diseases usually is more important in
evaluating patients who are suspected of having functional disease.
This is so, in large part, because the tests for diagnosing functional
disease are complex, not readily available, and often not very
reliable. In contrast, the tests for diagnosing non-functional diseases
are widely available and sensitive .
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